The most common early sign of CVI is varicose veins, which are enlarged and twisted superficial veins. Although varicose veins are treatable, if left unmanaged, they can progress into more serious venous disease. CVI primarily affects the legs because they bear the greatest pressure from standing and walking.
Several risk factors contribute to the development of chronic venous insufficiency. Being overweight or pregnant increases pressure on leg veins, while genetics also play a role—those with a family history of varicose veins or CVI are more prone to it. Previous leg injuries, surgeries, or blood clots can damage vein valves, further raising the risk. Lifestyle factors also matter: prolonged sitting or standing, lack of exercise, smoking, and untreated high blood pressure can all contribute. Inflammation of surface veins (phlebitis) or a deep vein clot (deep vein thrombosis) are common underlying causes.
CVI is widespread globally and carries significant health and economic consequences. Venous disease in general is very common; varicose veins affect roughly one in three adults. Among those, about one in 50 develop chronic venous insufficiency each year. Overall, CVI impacts about one in 20 adults, most commonly those over age 50, and its prevalence increases with age. Because it can limit mobility and cause chronic discomfort, CVI reduces quality of life and work productivity, making it not only a medical but also a social concern.
Fortunately, CVI can often be managed through lifestyle adjustments such as regular exercise, weight management, and avoiding long periods of inactivity. Medical treatments range from compression stockings to minimally invasive procedures that improve vein function. Early recognition and intervention are key to preventing complications and maintaining healthy circulation.
Chronic Venous Insufficiency: Causes, Risks, and Impact
