Among the most frequently identified triggers is Campylobacter jejuni, a bacterium often associated with undercooked poultry. This organism has surface molecules that mimic those found in human nerve cells, a phenomenon known as molecular mimicry, which likely contributes to the immune system’s misdirection. Other viral infections commonly preceding GBS include influenza, cytomegalovirus (CMV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), Zika virus, and various hepatitis strains (A, B, C, and E). HIV and Mycoplasma pneumoniae have also been implicated.
Since 2020, a number of GBS cases have been reported in the context of COVID-19, both after infection and, more rarely, following vaccination, although causality remains under investigation. Infrequently, recent surgeries, trauma, or vaccinations have been associated with GBS, though such links are rare and generally not considered routine risk factors.
Typically, GBS symptoms begin within days to a few weeks after the triggering event. Early symptoms include tingling sensations and muscle weakness, which may escalate rapidly. Prompt diagnosis is crucial because early treatment with immunotherapies—such as intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) or plasma exchange—can significantly reduce the severity and duration of the illness.
In summary, although the precise cause of GBS remains unknown, awareness of its diverse triggers and rapid onset following immune stimulation is essential for early intervention and improved recovery outcomes.
Guillain-Barré Syndrome: Triggers and Immune Response
