Scoliosis is an abnormal sideways curvature of the spine, causing it to form a “C” or “S” shape when viewed from behind. While a healthy spine has natural front-to-back curves that help with balance and movement, scoliosis adds a lateral curve that can affect posture and, in some cases, cause discomfort or physical changes. The condition can appear at any age but most often develops during the growth spurt just before puberty.
The most common form, idiopathic scoliosis, has no known cause, although it tends to run in families, suggesting a genetic link. Studies have identified several genes that may influence spinal growth and structure, though environmental factors may also play a role. Idiopathic scoliosis is most often seen in adolescents and may progress quickly during growth spurts, making regular monitoring important.
Congenital scoliosis is much rarer and results from abnormalities in spinal development before birth. In this type, one or more vertebrae may be incompletely formed or fused together, creating an uneven spine at birth. The condition may become more noticeable as the child grows, especially during periods of rapid development.
Neuromuscular scoliosis occurs when disorders of the nerves or muscles—such as cerebral palsy, muscular dystrophy, or spina bifida—disrupt normal spinal support. Because the muscles cannot maintain proper alignment, the spine gradually curves. This form can be more severe and often requires medical intervention to prevent complications with breathing or movement.
Symptoms of scoliosis can vary but often include uneven shoulders, hips, or waist, one shoulder blade that appears more prominent, or a rib cage that protrudes more on one side. In mild cases, scoliosis may not cause noticeable symptoms or require treatment. However, more significant curves can lead to pain, fatigue, and reduced lung function.
Treatment depends on severity and progression. Mild cases may simply be monitored with periodic checkups, while moderate curves might require a brace to prevent worsening during growth. Severe scoliosis, especially when it affects daily activities or internal organs, may necessitate surgical correction.
In adults, degenerative scoliosis can develop from age-related changes like arthritis or bone loss. Early detection and management remain key to maintaining mobility, reducing pain, and preserving spinal health throughout life.Understanding Scoliosis: Causes, Types, Symptoms, and Treatment
