Neuropathy Explained: Nerve Damage, Symptoms, and Care

Neuropathy is a condition in which nerve damage leads to symptoms such as pain, weakness, numbness, or tingling in one or more parts of the body. Because nerves carry messages between the brain, spinal cord, and the rest of the body, damage to them can disrupt sensation, movement, and even automatic functions like digestion or blood pressure control. There are many types of neuropathy, and symptoms and treatment vary depending on which nerves are affected and what caused the damage.

Neuropathy can develop from a wide range of health problems. Diabetes is the most common cause worldwide, as prolonged high blood sugar levels can injure nerves over time. Other causes include physical injury or nerve compression, infections such as shingles, Lyme disease, or HIV, autoimmune conditions like lupus or rheumatoid arthritis, and metabolic disorders involving the kidneys, liver, or thyroid. Exposure to toxins—such as excessive alcohol or heavy metals—certain medications like chemotherapy drugs, and vitamin deficiencies (especially B vitamins and vitamin E) are also well-recognized contributors. In some cases, inherited genetic disorders play a role.

One of the most common forms is peripheral neuropathy, which affects nerves outside the brain and spinal cord. It often begins in the hands or feet and may progress upward. Sensory symptoms include gradual numbness, tingling, “pins and needles,” or burning pain that may worsen at night. Motor symptoms can involve muscle weakness, cramping, loss of muscle mass, and difficulty with balance, walking, or fine hand movements. Autonomic nerve involvement may lead to problems with blood pressure regulation, digestion, bladder control, or sweating.

Diabetes remains the leading cause of peripheral neuropathy, but infections, vitamin deficiencies, alcohol misuse, chemotherapy, autoimmune diseases, and physical trauma that compresses or crushes nerves are also important causes. Identifying the underlying reason is critical for effective management.

Although neuropathy—especially when long-standing—often cannot be completely cured, it can usually be managed successfully. Early detection improves the chances of slowing or even reversing nerve damage, particularly when the cause is treatable, such as a vitamin deficiency or infection. Treatment focuses on controlling the underlying condition, relieving pain with medications, and using physical or occupational therapy to maintain strength and mobility. Lifestyle changes, including healthy diet, regular exercise, and avoiding smoking or excessive alcohol, also play a key role. With proper care, many people with neuropathy can maintain a good quality of life.
Neuropathy Explained: Nerve Damage, Symptoms, and Care