Lactic Acidosis: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

Lactic acidosis is a potentially serious medical condition that occurs when lactic acid builds up in the bloodstream faster than the body can remove it. Normally, the liver and kidneys help clear excess lactic acid by metabolizing it into energy or neutral compounds. However, when oxygen levels are too low or these organs are impaired, lactic acid begins to accumulate, leading to an imbalance in the body’s acid-base system.

This buildup usually happens because the body is producing too much lactic acid, cannot process it efficiently, or both. Lactic acid is a natural byproduct of energy metabolism, especially when the body breaks down glucose without enough oxygen—a process known as anaerobic metabolism. When tissues are deprived of oxygen, such as during shock or severe infection, cells shift to anaerobic metabolism, leading to excess lactic acid production.

Severe medical conditions are the most common causes of lactic acidosis. These include sepsis (a widespread infection that causes tissue damage), respiratory failure, kidney failure, and liver cirrhosis. Chronic illnesses like cancer, alcoholism, and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) can also increase risk. Certain toxins, such as cyanide, or some medications used in diabetes and HIV treatment, may interfere with lactic acid metabolism.

Symptoms often develop quickly and may include nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, weakness, and rapid or deep breathing as the body tries to correct the acid imbalance. If untreated, lactic acidosis can lead to confusion, shock, or even organ failure.

Temporary lactic acidosis can also occur after intense physical exercise or during seizures. In these cases, the condition is short-lived because healthy liver and kidney function quickly restore normal acid levels. Muscle soreness that follows strenuous activity is often linked to this temporary buildup.

Treatment focuses on identifying and correcting the underlying cause. This may involve improving oxygen delivery to tissues, managing infections, supporting organ function, or adjusting medications. Prompt medical care is essential, as lactic acidosis is often a sign of a serious underlying condition. With proper treatment and monitoring, most patients can recover fully once the root cause is addressed.
Lactic Acidosis: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment