tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-89199657861981835362024-03-14T00:47:15.275-07:00The diseaseUnknownnoreply@blogger.comBlogger159125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8919965786198183536.post-29932032200138691572024-03-14T00:42:00.000-07:002024-03-14T00:46:43.488-07:00Anemia: Causes and SymptomsAnemia is a prevalent medical condition characterized by a decrease in the total red blood cell volume or blood hemoglobin concentration, leading to an insufficient supply of oxygen to the body tissues. Red blood cells, vital for oxygen transport, circulate in the peripheral blood for about 100 to 120 days, with approximately 1% of the body’s red cells being lost and replaced daily. However, when there is a disproportionate loss of red blood cells from circulation compared to their production, anemia ensues.<br /><br />The classic symptoms of anemia are indicative of oxygen deprivation in tissues, including fatigue, paleness, general breathlessness, difficulty breathing during activity, and heart palpitations. These symptoms can significantly impact an individual's quality of life, affecting their ability to perform daily tasks and engage in physical activities.<br /><br />Anemia can arise from various factors. It may develop when red blood cells are inadequately produced, excessively destroyed, or lost due to bleeding. Nutritional deficiencies, particularly of iron, folic acid, and vitamin B12, are common causes of anemia. Iron deficiency anemia, resulting from insufficient iron intake or absorption, is notably prevalent globally and is often linked to poor dietary habits.<br /><br />Elderly individuals are particularly susceptible to anemia due to factors such as poor nutrition and decreased absorption efficiency. This demographic may have difficulty obtaining essential nutrients from their diets, leading to deficiencies that contribute to anemia. Additionally, absorption issues related to aging can exacerbate the problem.<br /><br />Furthermore, modern dietary trends characterized by reliance on fast food and junk food contribute to the prevalence of anemia. These diets are often lacking in essential nutrients, such as iron, folic acid, and vitamin B12, necessary for red blood cell production. Consequently, individuals who primarily consume such diets are at heightened risk of developing anemia.<br /><br />Addressing anemia requires a multifaceted approach that encompasses nutritional interventions, supplementation, and management of underlying health conditions. Increasing awareness about the importance of a balanced diet rich in essential nutrients is crucial in preventing and managing anemia. Moreover, healthcare professionals play a vital role in diagnosing and treating anemia, ensuring that individuals receive appropriate interventions tailored to their specific needs.<br /><br />In conclusion, anemia is a widespread condition characterized by reduced red blood cell mass or hemoglobin concentration, leading to tissue oxygen deprivation. Nutritional deficiencies, particularly of iron, folic acid, and vitamin B12, contribute significantly to its prevalence. Addressing anemia requires comprehensive strategies aimed at improving dietary habits, supplementing essential nutrients, and managing underlying health conditions to enhance overall well-being and quality of life.<br /><i>Anemia: Causes and Symptoms<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglyFNlnWLZV0t3pcD24t1a5cuqHPAKmgb9AT3TziKQnDS_wemena0Mf9_ZkrmnkXYT3xz8O39HqVfc0jb54yGXU48Ucy7csNBkdEEeovxizPqKJzTMaDofU7zKgJ2culYEzJekso7bQCt0An5zbcGHXUDgmek1TUoiCz-lwJWd65XoeMhHyAJr5Ud3CnPf/s197/1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="197" data-original-width="181" height="316" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglyFNlnWLZV0t3pcD24t1a5cuqHPAKmgb9AT3TziKQnDS_wemena0Mf9_ZkrmnkXYT3xz8O39HqVfc0jb54yGXU48Ucy7csNBkdEEeovxizPqKJzTMaDofU7zKgJ2culYEzJekso7bQCt0An5zbcGHXUDgmek1TUoiCz-lwJWd65XoeMhHyAJr5Ud3CnPf/w290-h316/1.jpg" width="290" /></a></div></i>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8919965786198183536.post-91939355169876003402024-03-02T00:42:00.000-08:002024-03-02T00:42:13.866-08:00Understanding Septicemia: Causes, Symptoms, and ImplicationsSepticemia, characterized by the acute invasion of pathological microorganisms into the systemic circulation, poses a grave threat to health, potentially leading to sepsis or septic shock and affecting various bodily systems or organs. While bacterial pathogens like Escherichia coli dominate cases of neonatal septicemia, there's a growing recognition of gram-positive bacteria's role in certain regions.<br /><br />However, the spectrum of causative agents extends beyond bacteria to include viral and fungal microorganisms and their byproducts. For instance, meningococcal meningitis can progress to septicemia, with nearly half of affected individuals succumbing to its severity.<br /><br />Septicemia manifests rapidly, often marked by a distinctive purple rash and bruises indicative of blood vessel leakage. The urgency of intervention cannot be overstated, as the condition's progression can be swift and lethal.<br /><br />Citrobacter, though responsible for a mere 1% of septicemia cases, presents unique challenges. It predominantly affects elderly patients, often in healthcare settings, and typically arises in individuals with underlying medical conditions. Despite its relatively low incidence, Citrobacter-associated septicemia underscores the importance of vigilance in diverse patient populations.<br /><br />In conclusion, understanding the diverse etiology of septicemia, ranging from bacterial to viral and fungal origins, is crucial for effective management and prevention strategies. Vigilant monitoring and prompt intervention are essential in mitigating the potentially catastrophic consequences of this life-threatening condition.<br /><i>Understanding Septicemia: Causes, Symptoms, and Implications</i>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8919965786198183536.post-70951472334538974772024-02-13T04:53:00.000-08:002024-02-13T04:53:26.104-08:00Hashimoto's Thyroiditis OverviewHashimoto's thyroiditis, named after its discoverer Hakaru Hashimoto in 1912, is a complex condition where the body's immune system interacts with thyroid function. Originally thought to only cause hypothyroidism, Hashimoto's can present in various ways, such as hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, euthyroid goiter, or diffuse goiter. Essentially, it occurs because the immune system mistakenly targets the thyroid tissue as foreign.<br /><br />This autoimmune condition involves both humoral and T-cell mediated immune responses, where antibodies attack the thyroid. The gradual onset of Hashimoto's results in ongoing inflammation within the thyroid, gradually impairing its function. On a microscopic level, Hashimoto's is marked by cellular hyperplasia, disruption of follicular cells, and infiltration of immune cells into the gland.<br /><br />Although Hashimoto's can affect people of any age, it is more common in middle-aged women. The reasons for this gender and age tendency are still being investigated but may involve hormonal or genetic factors. Despite its subtle onset, early detection through thyroid function tests and imaging can help in timely management.<br /><br />Managing Hashimoto's often requires a collaborative effort involving endocrinologists, immunologists, and primary care physicians. Treatment usually involves hormone replacement therapy to address thyroid hormone deficiencies. Additionally, medications that modulate the immune system may be prescribed to alleviate symptoms and temper the autoimmune response.<br /><br />In summary, Hashimoto's thyroiditis demonstrates the intricate connection between the immune system and endocrine function. Understanding its underlying mechanisms and clinical presentations is crucial for accurate diagnosis and tailored treatment strategies. With ongoing research and medical advancements, progress is being made in enhancing the quality of life for individuals affected by this autoimmune disorder.<br /><i>Hashimoto's Thyroiditis Overview</i>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8919965786198183536.post-46318900473671948642024-01-28T06:55:00.000-08:002024-01-28T06:55:12.190-08:00Folate: Deficiency, Symptoms, PreventionFolate, the natural form of vitamin B9, is a crucial water-soluble vitamin necessary for various bodily functions. Found abundantly in citrus fruits, leafy greens, legumes, and fortified carbohydrates, folate plays a key role in preventing megaloblastic anemia, a condition characterized by unusually large, oval-shaped red blood cells with DNA synthesis defects.<br /><br />To address the risk of folate deficiency, folic acid, the synthetic form of vitamin B9, is often added to food products and supplements. This proactive approach helps ensure that individuals receive adequate levels of this essential nutrient. Folate deficiency, though rare due to its prevalence in diverse foods, can manifest through symptoms such as weakness, fatigue, irregular heartbeat, shortness of breath, difficulty concentrating, hair loss, pale skin, and mouth sores.<br /><br />Folate-deficiency anemia is a specific condition indicating a lack of folic acid in the bloodstream. Folic acid is instrumental in the production of red blood cells, which are responsible for carrying oxygen through hemoglobin. When there are insufficient levels of folic acid, megaloblastic anemia may occur, leading to the production of abnormal red blood cells.<br /><br />Several factors can contribute to folate deficiency, including dietary insufficiency, malabsorption issues, pregnancy, malignancy, blood disorders, inflammation, or the use of specific medications. It's important to recognize common symptoms of anemia, such as fatigue, shortness of breath, palpitations, headaches, tinnitus, or a diminished appetite, as these may indicate a potential deficiency.<br /><br />Pregnant women, in particular, are advised to ensure adequate folate intake, as it plays a critical role in fetal development, especially in preventing neural tube defects. Folate supplementation is often recommended during pregnancy to support the increased demands for this vitamin.<br /><br />In conclusion, while folate deficiency is uncommon, maintaining awareness of its symptoms and understanding the diverse sources of folate, including both natural and fortified options, is essential for overall health. Adequate folate intake is especially critical during certain life stages, such as pregnancy, to support optimal well-being.<br /><i>Folate: Deficiency, Symptoms, Prevention<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGZS9GQd9BtaocOXYkn4q6iVC60qqkGRFenR90LrbUOs4SipESgpO6d0KyzdxE-cmwkryOYJFmAspiMq0mj-qEAn5yIkc9u9q4EOntJDULCJ7yYIkwhWNslTdKA4EeUNWI92iZQENoST-aauy44skFfXOzWT3eXHwBgQp7HZBu3GZ22wzdsb7nllUkcnDK/s640/1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="352" data-original-width="640" height="243" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGZS9GQd9BtaocOXYkn4q6iVC60qqkGRFenR90LrbUOs4SipESgpO6d0KyzdxE-cmwkryOYJFmAspiMq0mj-qEAn5yIkc9u9q4EOntJDULCJ7yYIkwhWNslTdKA4EeUNWI92iZQENoST-aauy44skFfXOzWT3eXHwBgQp7HZBu3GZ22wzdsb7nllUkcnDK/w443-h243/1.jpg" width="443" /></a></div></i>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8919965786198183536.post-80651410213237863922024-01-06T07:59:00.000-08:002024-01-06T07:59:26.311-08:00Methylmalonic aciduria and Vitamin B12Methylmalonic aciduria encompasses a diverse spectrum of congenital metabolic disorders characterized by the accumulation of methylmalonic acid in bodily fluids and tissues. This condition, demonstrating clinical similarities to propionic acidaemia, arises from a deficiency in either methylmalonyl-CoA mutase or its coenzyme, adenosylcobalamin, also referred to as coenzyme B12.<br /><br />Adenosylcobalamin, a biologically active variant of vitamin B12, alongside methylcobalamin, assumes a crucial role in the functioning of methylmalonyl-CoA mutase. Encoded by the MUT gene, this enzyme facilitates the conversion of methylmalonyl-CoA into succinyl-CoA in humans. Mutations in the MUT gene can give rise to various manifestations of methylmalonic aciduria.<br /><br />The proper operation of the mutase enzyme relies on adenosylcobalamin as a coenzyme, establishing a close link between the integrity of methylmalonic acid metabolism and the sufficient intake, precise absorption, transportation, and intracellular processing of vitamin B12 (cobalamin). Deficiencies in methylmalonyl-CoA mutase result in heightened levels of methylmalonic acid in bodily fluids.<br /><i>Methylmalonic aciduria and Vitamin B12<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjI7Mfr_sDdjPhzZb2LuLcZVHjvdUgIlzPeslqBd928bIDXf72iQ__q7cwLSO4lyIfUyPmt-VLlF8ID4UoE9DTQ10AErYnLgfji0gvvirOeHsFV_3SWOWQpGuvjZeB-7Irs0nr_vckxmCl6g0w42o8mP8OsLH4YnYqIVqZMUkljKx97yn9y7_xF-xCjJJiy/s726/1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="726" data-original-width="505" height="420" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjI7Mfr_sDdjPhzZb2LuLcZVHjvdUgIlzPeslqBd928bIDXf72iQ__q7cwLSO4lyIfUyPmt-VLlF8ID4UoE9DTQ10AErYnLgfji0gvvirOeHsFV_3SWOWQpGuvjZeB-7Irs0nr_vckxmCl6g0w42o8mP8OsLH4YnYqIVqZMUkljKx97yn9y7_xF-xCjJJiy/w293-h420/1.jpg" width="293" /></a></div></i>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8919965786198183536.post-54998879517056395112023-11-27T07:48:00.000-08:002023-11-27T07:48:00.144-08:00Manganese and Amyotrophic Lateral SclerosisAmyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disorder characterized by loss of upper and lower motor neurons and sclerosis of motor pathways in the spinal cord, leading to widespread progressive skeletal muscle atrophy. ALS is typically fatal within 2–5 years of symptom onset. The incidence of ALS is largely uniform across most parts of the world. <br /><br />Mn is an essential ubiquitous trace element required for normal growth, development and cellular homeostasis. <br /><br />Mn functions as a required cofactor of several enzymes necessary for neuronal and glial cell function, as well as enzymes involved in neurotransmitter synthesis and metabolism. <br /><br />Manganese crosses barrier systems at the choroid plexus and accumulates in the central nervous system, with a longer half-life in nervous tissue. Manganese (Mn) has been specifically implicated in ALS pathogenesis. <br /><br />Mn levels in brain tissue average approximately 1–2 µg/g dry weight. The concentration of Mn in the brain varies across brain regions under excessive exposures. In the ALS, Mn contents were higher in the anterior horn and lateral fasciculus than in the posterior horn. <br /><br />Mn overload has also been implicated in ALS. This link was first described by Voss, who documented a Mn smelter who developed occupational manganism and bulbar ALS in Germany<br /><b>Manganese and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis</b>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8919965786198183536.post-1506793492000267572023-08-15T07:10:00.002-07:002023-08-15T07:10:13.564-07:00Atherosclerosis and Stroke RisksAtherosclerosis, arising from elevated lipid levels and the oxidation of lipids, has consistently been a significant contributor to mortality in developed countries. This ailment, which represents a distinct variant of arteriosclerosis, entails the accumulation of fats, cholesterol, and assorted substances on the inner linings of arteries, culminating in the creation of plaque. This plaque is a mixture of fatty deposits, cholesterol, cellular waste materials, calcium, and fibrin. Ultimately, this accumulation of plaque can lead to the narrowing of arteries, obstructing the smooth flow of blood.<br /><br />Numerous factors contribute to the susceptibility to atherosclerosis, encompassing:<div>~Advanced age<br />~Family history of premature heart disease<br />~Unhealthful dietary patterns characterized by excessive intake of saturated or trans fats and insufficient consumption of fruits and vegetables<br />~Psychological stress<br />~Type 1 diabetes<br />~Resistance to insulin<br />~Elevated blood pressure, acknowledged as the foremost risk element for stroke<br />~Raised levels of cholesterol and triglycerides<br />~Enhanced levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), a marker denoting inflammation<br />~Sedentary habits<br />~Obesity<br />~Sleep apnea<br />~Usage of tobacco, including smoking<br />~Alcohol usage<br /><br />Taking measures to ameliorate these risk elements can substantially diminish the chances of developing atherosclerosis, consequently decreasing the risk of stroke. It is of significance to note that roughly 700,000 strokes occur annually in the United States, with one out of every five individuals encountering a stroke within their lifetime.<br /><i>Atherosclerosis and Stroke Risks<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghi1zMTQhgG_BSoFnsTMI2qpctSmRILgA3M9RZlR36ffffBwVPz3AQamFjCoktx_d6ZD5EerS0R_rGqpnu68noOpBejqXvZEzVUsnfJ8KADRLGlXa3hQ0e5oN7VW4milT-3hUWpby5E-rUhi_ZqQPjdC4mFe-9_-iJJvQf0Q7Dnw7vgY5E_ECgsGqCzgQ8/s1200/1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="675" data-original-width="1200" height="238" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghi1zMTQhgG_BSoFnsTMI2qpctSmRILgA3M9RZlR36ffffBwVPz3AQamFjCoktx_d6ZD5EerS0R_rGqpnu68noOpBejqXvZEzVUsnfJ8KADRLGlXa3hQ0e5oN7VW4milT-3hUWpby5E-rUhi_ZqQPjdC4mFe-9_-iJJvQf0Q7Dnw7vgY5E_ECgsGqCzgQ8/w422-h238/1.jpg" width="422" /></a></div></i></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8919965786198183536.post-61887588521557574772023-07-23T08:40:00.006-07:002023-07-23T08:40:29.803-07:00AriboflavinosisRiboflavin, an essential vitamin, must be acquired through the diet as the human body cannot produce it. This vitamin is soluble in water, sensitive to light, and has a crystalline form, making it detectable through various methods like fluorometric, micro-biological, and absorptive-photometrical techniques.<br /><br />Since riboflavin is not stored in the body, it is important for individuals to ensure a daily intake of this vitamin from dietary sources. Foods such as beef liver, dairy products, eggs, meat, wheat germ, and tuna fish are abundant in riboflavin.<br /><br />Ariboflavinosis, a prevalent nutritional deficiency disease, occurs when there are inadequate levels of riboflavin in the body. This condition presents in humans with symptoms like cheilosis, perlèche-like erosions, seborrhea of the face, vascularization of the cornea, and keratitis.<br /><br />The facial and labial lesions associated with ariboflavinosis play a significant role in creating the recognizable appearance of classic pellagra. When combined with glossitis, these lesions form the clinical picture known as "pellagra sine pellagra."<br /><br />Specific symptoms of riboflavin deficiency include light sensitivity (photophobia), burning and itching of the eyes, eyestrain, rapid visual fatigue, poor distant vision, and blurred vision in low-light or twilight conditions.<br /><br />While the deficiency can be assessed by measuring the activity of red blood cell glutathione reductase, clinical observations are generally sufficient to diagnose the deficiency.<br /><i>Ariboflavinosis<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiL0oUe4Cm_LmAsm5eAlTWbdOPuIqqwHqLdEZ43EbUkdruOGwgphRQ1kTtZ7EBU9D-CBXTIepqBa4KiBjHg8VM6doeBDz6jTwHDFCB9Z2KFN6rNFFThU8F7Q5IJ-Q8Ykl__kkjWuq3QEwRwY8Ak6NH2N3L0fhWUXhVho70vOjkHbdZT4MVLJqPOdfm_Aati/s621/1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="437" data-original-width="621" height="297" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiL0oUe4Cm_LmAsm5eAlTWbdOPuIqqwHqLdEZ43EbUkdruOGwgphRQ1kTtZ7EBU9D-CBXTIepqBa4KiBjHg8VM6doeBDz6jTwHDFCB9Z2KFN6rNFFThU8F7Q5IJ-Q8Ykl__kkjWuq3QEwRwY8Ak6NH2N3L0fhWUXhVho70vOjkHbdZT4MVLJqPOdfm_Aati/w422-h297/1.jpg" width="422" /></a></div></i>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8919965786198183536.post-44165428543481543612023-06-26T22:21:00.004-07:002023-06-26T22:21:44.553-07:00Pulmonary tuberculosisPulmonary tuberculosis occurs when Mycobacterium tuberculosis primarily attacks the lungs. However, it can spread from there to other organs. TB outside of the lung is called extrapulmonary tuberculosis. <br /><br />Pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) is a common worldwide infection and a medical and social problem causing high mortality and morbidity, especially in developing countries. <br /><br />Tuberculosis, also known as consumption, spread widely as an epidemic during the 18th and 19th centuries in North America and Europe. After the discovery of antibiotics like streptomycin and especially isoniazid, along with improved living standards, doctors were better able to treat and control the spread of TB. <br /><br />M. tuberculosis is carried in airborne particles, called droplet nuclei, are produced when persons with pulmonary or laryngeal TB cough, sneeze, speak, or sing. <br /><br />The particles, which measure 1–5 µm in size, can be kept airborne by normal air currents for prolonged periods of time, resulting in dispersion throughout a room or building. Transmission occurs when a person inhales droplet nuclei containing M. tuberculosis, and the droplet nuclei traverse the mouth or nasal passages, upper respiratory tract, and bronchi to reach the alveoli of the lungs. <br /><br />Pulmonary TB frequently develops slowly, without a definite date of onset. Patients with active pulmonary TB may be asymptomatic, have mild or progressive dry cough, or present with multiple symptoms including low-grade fever, anorexia fatigue, night sweats, and weight loss that may persist for weeks to months. <br /><br />TB can be active or latent (inactive). Active TB is sometimes referred to as TB disease. This is the type of TB that is contagious.<br /><b>Pulmonary tuberculosis<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0XEB0Z_FwNJywAItdsVxPoSwAqo79H3oGtZgibe8Np-yE6v9RcoloDdI7jYn7YfyhWIklyen3_3RxJMrwF3qq7c_hycF1uOkiL40NaQfFHEZogPfk7ejzPS2PKvt9XdfYvnS51CZajH5ZAViRnxqtfATgvXDzew-7zx7nGu4pH89hO60Q4iFxrz8q3f_k/s569/1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="414" data-original-width="569" height="341" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0XEB0Z_FwNJywAItdsVxPoSwAqo79H3oGtZgibe8Np-yE6v9RcoloDdI7jYn7YfyhWIklyen3_3RxJMrwF3qq7c_hycF1uOkiL40NaQfFHEZogPfk7ejzPS2PKvt9XdfYvnS51CZajH5ZAViRnxqtfATgvXDzew-7zx7nGu4pH89hO60Q4iFxrz8q3f_k/w468-h341/1.jpg" width="468" /></a></div></b>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8919965786198183536.post-85454364357583076952023-05-31T20:00:00.005-07:002023-05-31T20:00:39.981-07:00Mesothelioma cancerMesothelioma is a type of cancer that starts from mesothelial cells that covers the outer surface of some of the body's organs. Mesothelial cells form a monolayer of specialized pavement-like cells that line the body's serous cavities and internal organs. Mesothelioma's usually linked to asbestos exposure. <br /><br />Some mesotheliomas form a mass (tumour), while others grow along the mesothelium and form a thick covering. It arises in the mesothelial surfaces of tissues in the lining of the lungs (pleural mesothelioma), although it can also affect the lining of the tummy (peritoneal mesothelioma), heart or testicles. <br /><br />Mesothelioma is almost always caused by exposure to asbestos, a group of minerals that occur naturally as bundles of tiny fibers. <br /><br />The majority of asbestos fibers are either amphibole (sharp, rod-like) or serpentine. The serpentine fibers make up 90% of the type seen in the US and are considered less carcinogenic than the amphibole type. These fibers are typically found in brake linings, ship building, cement, and ceiling and pool tiles. <br /><br />These tiny fibers can easily get in the lungs. Fibers that stay in the lungs can travel to the ends of the small airways and enter the pleural lining of the lung and chest wall. These fibers can then injure the cells of the pleura, and, over time, cause mesothelioma. <br /><br />Mesotheliomas related to asbestos exposure take a long time to develop. The time between the first asbestos exposure and diagnosis of mesothelioma is usually between 20 and 50 years. <br /><br />Many of the early symptoms of mesothelioma are the same as those likely to be caused by other problems, so at first people may ignore them or mistake them for common, minor ailments. Most people with mesothelioma have symptoms for at least a few months before they are diagnosed. <br /><br />Mesothelioma affects mainly older men aged 60–70 years. The prominent symptoms that could last from months to 1–2 years before diagnosis are chest pain and shortness of breath, affecting more than half the patients, while constitutional symptoms (fever, weight loss and fatigue) are less commonly observed.<br /><b>Mesothelioma cancer<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAYCW2-hM8Y8QjaeSQg2ZPVZwsBtkoxsnL4AgnWTODTPt6Bhn6uOKGqodJlMKf6OwN2R7hvYojg-XliKDAzA2LmZaXXcS0AO2OelKzKGcgcZpgj83BaGi51CHxYFqWdRe5l1-m1ExUPeOD5DcVdimEft52QTFz9nBBrwVP3c4x6bGWruws95A3edB8hw/s1237/1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="689" data-original-width="1237" height="256" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAYCW2-hM8Y8QjaeSQg2ZPVZwsBtkoxsnL4AgnWTODTPt6Bhn6uOKGqodJlMKf6OwN2R7hvYojg-XliKDAzA2LmZaXXcS0AO2OelKzKGcgcZpgj83BaGi51CHxYFqWdRe5l1-m1ExUPeOD5DcVdimEft52QTFz9nBBrwVP3c4x6bGWruws95A3edB8hw/w461-h256/1.jpg" width="461" /></a></div></b>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8919965786198183536.post-47169899639505592752023-05-02T08:01:00.002-07:002023-05-02T08:01:20.874-07:00Hemolytic uremic syndromeHemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) is a life-threatening illness that can occur when the small blood vessels in the kidneys become damaged and inflamed. <br /><br />This damage can cause clots to form in the vessels. The clots clog the filtering system in the kidneys and lead to kidney failure, which could be life-threatening. <br /><br />Hemolytic uremic syndrome is characterized by the simultaneous development of nonimmune hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia and acute renal failure. <br /><br />The hallmark histopathological lesion is thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA), characterized by capillary endothelial damage and microvascular formation of platelet/fibrin plugs. Other than the gut and kidney, different organs like the brain, liver and pancreas may be affected. <br /><br />Hemolytic uremic syndrome is the most common cause of acute renal failure in infants and young children and follows a diarrheal prodrome in approximately 90% of cases. <br /><br />Symptoms of hemolytic uremic syndrome may include fever, fatigue, irritability, blood in urine and decreased urination or no urination. Anemia, low platelet count and decreased kidney function may also occur.<br /><b>Hemolytic uremic syndrome<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNgHT3JipNvopy5NF3LBkH4uBcS0aJ1GF-lfD3V1f6j42F-y3YAD6sYZVgux4UM4QE-Z3jqoIDPm1pNH-xDmazI8JFMbEkAwe5XOJgC4oU2LbamteU2n4J9kkL6YHQ9tCF6t_l1d9J8l37HDcFGw7TpNRrC_Op9ut01efglbzKzBBGVhFEz5cdTCuIQQ/s1623/1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1623" data-original-width="1460" height="393" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNgHT3JipNvopy5NF3LBkH4uBcS0aJ1GF-lfD3V1f6j42F-y3YAD6sYZVgux4UM4QE-Z3jqoIDPm1pNH-xDmazI8JFMbEkAwe5XOJgC4oU2LbamteU2n4J9kkL6YHQ9tCF6t_l1d9J8l37HDcFGw7TpNRrC_Op9ut01efglbzKzBBGVhFEz5cdTCuIQQ/w354-h393/1.jpg" width="354" /></a></div></b>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8919965786198183536.post-9729690389439894482023-03-24T19:22:00.002-07:002023-03-24T19:22:17.441-07:00Subarachnoid hemorrhageSubarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) refers to extravasation of blood into the subarachnoid space between the arachnoid and the pia mater. The most common sites are: Anterior communicating artery (30%), Posterior communicating (25%),Middle cerebral artery (20%). <br /><br />Traumatic (SAH) develops from traumatic brain injury and usually considered a separate disorder known astraumatic brain injury. <br /><br />Etiology- Spontaneous SAH occurs when an abnormal artery or vein ruptures and blood spills into the subarachnoid space ventricles. In adults, aneurysms are the most common cause of SAH. <br /><br />An aneurysm is an abnormal bulge or ballooning in the wall of a blood vessel. An aneurysm can burst (rupture), causing internal bleeding and often leading to death. The early precursors of aneurysms are small outpouchings through defects in the media of the arteries. <br /><br />There is a clear female preponderance overall; SAH is ~1.6 times higher in female than male. <br /><br />Before age 40 female=male; after age 40 there is an increasingly strong predominance of females. <br /><br />Hunt and Hess grading system of SAH<br />Grade 1 - Asymptomatic or mild headache<br />Grade 2 - Moderate-to-severe headache, nuchal rigidity, andno neurological deficit other than possible cranial nerve palsy<br />Grade 3 - Mild alteration in mental status (confusion, lethargy), mild focal neurological deficit<br />Grade 4 - Stupor and/or hemi paresis<br />Grade 5 - Comatose and/or decerebrate <br /><br />What are the risk factors of SAH:<br />*Acquired: Smoking, alcohol, hypertension,.<br />*Inherited: Platelet glycoprotein polymorphism, Elastin deficiency (chromosome 7qdeficiency), chromosomal deletions<br /><b>Subarachnoid hemorrhage<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjA2uX9R0C_ZRE6e78nRw3TPRlis9UYgCLinuplqWo-s5unc4QvOAMWQ4rGOtXmLS5zoNts6ArKueFMtrMumfTgEyLEmwyC1VdWFlzXvw42-AePEq2EfbpEYRgrhoIyItV1K97cuf52ZLoMoJSxOAByFIQQu9_7izQRMf8qh7nms4m3kADTfdBxEh0HZg/s976/1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="549" data-original-width="976" height="271" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjA2uX9R0C_ZRE6e78nRw3TPRlis9UYgCLinuplqWo-s5unc4QvOAMWQ4rGOtXmLS5zoNts6ArKueFMtrMumfTgEyLEmwyC1VdWFlzXvw42-AePEq2EfbpEYRgrhoIyItV1K97cuf52ZLoMoJSxOAByFIQQu9_7izQRMf8qh7nms4m3kADTfdBxEh0HZg/w482-h271/1.jpg" width="482" /></a></div></b>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8919965786198183536.post-7840772244896823132023-02-15T19:11:00.005-08:002023-02-15T19:11:46.593-08:00Hereditary hemochromatosisHereditary hemochromatosis (HH) is a general term for several rare genetic disorders that are characterized by the accumulation of iron in the skin, heart, liver, pancreas, pituitary gland, and joints. <br /><br />Because humans cannot increase the excretion of iron, excess iron can overload and the abnormally stored iron is toxic to the body and over time the high levels of iron can damage tissues and organs. <br /><br />Symptoms of hemochromatosis include:<br />*Extreme tiredness<br />*Weight loss<br />*Joint pain<br />*Bronze or grey skin color<br />*Abdominal pain<br />*Loss of sex drive <br /><br />Symptoms of hemochromatosis usually show up in adulthood after the body has accumulated a significant amount of excess iron. Most people do not experience symptoms until later in life — usually after age 40 in men and after age 60 in women. <br /><br />As the condition worsens, affected individuals may develop arthritis, liver disease (cirrhosis) or liver cancer, diabetes, heart abnormalities, or skin discoloration. <br /><br />Haemochromatosis is caused by a faulty gene that can be passed on to a child by their parents. Most cases are linked to a fault in a gene called HFE, which affects your ability to absorb iron from food.<br /><b>Hereditary hemochromatosis<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnE_6-p2OWFweds_zYgzpeTkU8P9X6liG_mD16kyJYbOEzGrUdV0EFzdFIjGrXNxVlxS_TCEtq-qnQYwZA60ygaC_MT4NyXm2lx7GsnmSfz3Ce7gldNht6WC5RC7nMGy59w2eYnijJkHlBci0MPihn1z4ghMw1FHVl9z6qrVP2EBNOt3qXizMLmvfqDw/s762/1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="762" data-original-width="591" height="560" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnE_6-p2OWFweds_zYgzpeTkU8P9X6liG_mD16kyJYbOEzGrUdV0EFzdFIjGrXNxVlxS_TCEtq-qnQYwZA60ygaC_MT4NyXm2lx7GsnmSfz3Ce7gldNht6WC5RC7nMGy59w2eYnijJkHlBci0MPihn1z4ghMw1FHVl9z6qrVP2EBNOt3qXizMLmvfqDw/w434-h560/1.jpg" width="434" /></a></div></b>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8919965786198183536.post-8055985444761809262023-02-11T17:45:00.001-08:002023-02-11T17:45:00.148-08:00Manganese and Huntington’s DiseaseHuntington’s disease is a progressive brain disorder caused by a single faulty gene on chromosome 4 — one of the 23 human chromosomes that carry a person’s entire genetic code. It is a devastating neurodegenerative disease presenting with impaired movement, psychological and behavioral disturbances, and cognitive decline.<br /><br />The defective gene codes the blueprint for a protein called huntingtin. The disease is named for George Huntington, the physician who first described it in the late 1800s.<br /><br />The disease is characterized by progressive dysfunction and loss of neurons in certain anatomical regions with a variety of clinical presentations. Environmental factors such as Mn exposure may be involved in the etiology and progression of the disease.<br /><br />Manganese has only been recently implicated in Huntington’s disease, and studies have suggested that a manganese deficiency may underlie some of Huntington’s disease pathology. Manganese is an essential trace element that is required for several physiological process and it has an important function as cofactor of numerous enzymes required for glial and neuronal cells.<br /><br />Study by Rosas and team in 2012 (published in Arch. Neurol., 2012, 69, 887–893), found a significant decrease in manganese concentration in parts of Huntington’s Disease cortex.<br /><br />Manganese is known to accumulate in the globus pallidus and caudate nucleus, two areas highly susceptible to Huntington’s Disease neurodegeneration.<i><span style="font-size: x-small;"> (J. Neurol. Sci., 1979, 42, 407–416) (Physiol. Rev., 1987, 67, 858–901)</span></i><br /><br />This accumulation may highlight a specific necessity of manganese for proper function, and may also make these brain areas more susceptible to fluctuations in manganese levels.<br /><br />The hallmark symptom of Huntington’s disease is uncontrolled movement of the arms, legs, head, face and upper body. Huntington’s also causes a decline in thinking and reasoning skills, including memory, concentration, judgment and ability to plan and organize.<br /><b>Manganese and Huntington’s Disease</b><br />Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8919965786198183536.post-10195897977031218932023-01-15T19:43:00.001-08:002023-01-15T19:43:11.108-08:00Marburg hemorrhagic fevers (Marburg virus disease)Marburg hemorrhagic fevers also known as Marburg virus disease is a severe, rare viral disease often fatal illness in humans. The virus causes severe viral haemorrhagic fever in humans. <br /><br />Marburg virus was first recognized in 1967, when outbreaks of hemorrhagic fever occurred simultaneously in laboratories in Marburg and Frankfurt, Germany and in Belgrade, Yugoslavia (now Serbia). Thirty-one people became ill, initially laboratory workers followed by several medical personnel and family members who had cared for them. <br /><br />The reservoir host of Marburg virus is the African fruit bat, Rousettus aegyptiacus. Fruit bats infected with Marburg virus do not show obvious signs of illness. <br /><br />Human infection with Marburg virus disease initially results from prolonged exposure to mines or caves inhabited by Rousettus bat colonies. Once an individual is infected with the virus, Marburg can spread through human-to-human transmission. <br /><br />The virus spreads through direct contact (such as through broken skin or mucous membranes in the eyes, nose, or mouth) with blood or body fluids (urine, saliva, sweat, feces, vomit, breast milk, amniotic fluid, and semen) of a person who is sick with or died from Marburg virus disease. <br /><br />The disease characterized by multiple symptoms include fever, headache, joint and muscle aches, sore throat, and weakness, followed by diarrhea, vomiting, and stomach pain. Some patients also exhibit a rash, red eyes, hiccups, and internal and external bleeding. <br /><br />The average Marburg virus disease case fatality rate is around 50%. Case fatality rates have varied from 24% to 88% in past outbreaks depending on virus strain and case management.<br /><b>Marburg hemorrhagic fevers (Marburg virus disease)<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxRSP48nnrt0ZJ3D1Qx8RN95eoFdI8Ao8w_dFu5AMz4gsxYRrjBco0csvupZU4reSCFBtK5Giey_ehPYnMrF6lqNFToyGM4apFjridqo2edFll22acfivxRbZaFVrGpuuW4jTt_ljT1rjezgvLZMJorf5NhtauBCm4ydOjOkpMmj90mBQ2yB0kd45aMg/s500/1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="344" data-original-width="500" height="337" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxRSP48nnrt0ZJ3D1Qx8RN95eoFdI8Ao8w_dFu5AMz4gsxYRrjBco0csvupZU4reSCFBtK5Giey_ehPYnMrF6lqNFToyGM4apFjridqo2edFll22acfivxRbZaFVrGpuuW4jTt_ljT1rjezgvLZMJorf5NhtauBCm4ydOjOkpMmj90mBQ2yB0kd45aMg/w490-h337/1.jpg" width="490" /></a></div></b>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8919965786198183536.post-32134638497569538062023-01-15T19:07:00.001-08:002023-01-15T19:07:17.686-08:00Transfusional hemochromatosis: Classifications and clinical manifestationsHemochromatosis is a condition caused by extraordinary iron deposition in parenchymal cells leading to cellular damage and organ dysfunction. It is also called iron overload. <br /><br />The disorder has two classifications:<br />*Genetic (or primary) hemochromatosis and<br />*Secondary (or acquired) hemochromatosis. <br /><br />In secondary hemochromatosis, it may occur as a result of other blood disorders, such as thalassemia or certain anemias. Too many blood transfusions over time may lead to iron overload. <br /><br />Transfusional hemosiderosis is the accumulation of iron in the liver and heart but also endocrine organs, in patients who receive or did receive frequent blood transfusions (such as those with thalassemia, sickle cell disease, leukemia, aplastic anemia or myelodysplastic syndrome). <br /><br />𝛽-thalassemia major is one of the causes of secondary hemochromatosis with adoption of an intensive transfusional regimen to maintain adequate levels of hemoglobin. <br /><br />Cirrhosis and diabetes are known clinical manifestations in patients with transfusional hemochromatosis. A unit of transfused blood contains approximately 250 mg of iron. The excess iron from the transfused erythrocytes gradually accumulates in various tissues, in the skin, heart, gonads, and endocrine glands causing morbidity and mortality.<br /><b>Transfusional hemochromatosis: Classifications and clinical manifestations<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2eBac13wft8rk2gkC5vUDe3dHTYnaSo7Tzg2Jij_kA1L06b_29jycMTTskXF10vCVMqhvZ6a9PnAjnchKg5qg1-50Wcdrqy-R0XS1cgw0LNujoSfZqqy9k3pNLNBv-LMvCgIXfnvm-tZgaiO6GtvK9-OHKR0WEHoZoez5XuJ1Ks4-A7YAw-UKF10Cfg/s706/1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="706" data-original-width="682" height="435" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2eBac13wft8rk2gkC5vUDe3dHTYnaSo7Tzg2Jij_kA1L06b_29jycMTTskXF10vCVMqhvZ6a9PnAjnchKg5qg1-50Wcdrqy-R0XS1cgw0LNujoSfZqqy9k3pNLNBv-LMvCgIXfnvm-tZgaiO6GtvK9-OHKR0WEHoZoez5XuJ1Ks4-A7YAw-UKF10Cfg/w420-h435/1.jpg" width="420" /></a></div></b>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8919965786198183536.post-79962417676249297372022-12-01T08:26:00.000-08:002022-12-01T08:26:08.977-08:00Choreatic movementsChorea is a hyperkinetic movement disorder characterized by involuntary brief, random, and irregular contractions conveying a feeling of restlessness to the observe. They are often described as seeming to “flow” from one body part to another unpredictably, though they can also be confined to a single area of the body. <br /><br />Chorea symptoms can range from minor movements, such as fidgeting, to severe uncontrolled arm and leg movements. It can also interfere with: speech, swallowing, posture, gait <br /><br />The word "chorea" is derived from the Latin "choreus," meaning "dance." These movements may vary in severity from restlessness with mild intermittent exaggeration of gesture and expression, fidgeting movements of the hands, unstable dance-like gait to a continuous flow of disabling, violent movements. <br /><br />Chorea is a primary feature of Huntington's disease, a progressive, hereditary movement disorder that appears in adults, but it may also occur in a variety of other conditions. Dozens of genetic conditions, autoimmune and infectious diseases, endocrine disorders, medications and even pregnancy can have chorea as a symptom. <br /><br />Chorea can be caused by a variety of abnormal processes in the body, including metabolic derangements, exposure to certain drugs or toxins, genetic and degenerative diseases of the brain, infections, tumors, and disorders of the immune and inflammatory systems of the body. <br /><br />At least two other movements related to chorea are seen in neurological diseases:<br />· Athetosis is a continuous stream of slow, twisting or squirming-like motions usually involving the hands and feet.<br />· Ballimus usually involves more intense movements such as wild flinging of one arm or leg. <br /><br />Patients with chorea will sometimes become clumsy or drop objects repeatedly, and chorea can lead to falling when it affects walking. The characteristic pattern of walking that occurs in chorea is often easily recognizable by movement disorders neurologists.<br /><b>Choreatic movements<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTfUbrjpMguqzprVHor0ouQNT1Tlos72DOeb6t6LRc99kcOs0zL5VGOUF8hi5pXsYLz_ZQ_vLaF81ZZIHA7MX27aYngwmllGZGu-0riHfjcoFb6vQD72aup-aKfrbArVoGI6-13KtiYCOn295K-6LH93X-fKRXZ7z_k4Q_F59K-YxLSUwhF3UaakrTWg/s2792/1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2792" data-original-width="1252" height="625" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTfUbrjpMguqzprVHor0ouQNT1Tlos72DOeb6t6LRc99kcOs0zL5VGOUF8hi5pXsYLz_ZQ_vLaF81ZZIHA7MX27aYngwmllGZGu-0riHfjcoFb6vQD72aup-aKfrbArVoGI6-13KtiYCOn295K-6LH93X-fKRXZ7z_k4Q_F59K-YxLSUwhF3UaakrTWg/w279-h625/1.jpg" width="279" /></a></div></b>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8919965786198183536.post-55719846680648947882022-11-08T21:20:00.005-08:002022-11-08T21:20:54.760-08:00Nephrogenic diabetes insipidusNephrogenic diabetes insipidus is a disorder of water balance. It is not related to the more common diabetes mellitus (sugar diabetes), in which the body does not produce or properly use insulin. Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus is a distinct disorder caused by complete or partial resistance of the kidneys to arginine vasopressin (AVP). <br /><br />In a healthy person, AVP acts as a signal to the nephrons to reabsorb water into the body. In nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, the nephrons in the kidneys are not able to respond to this signal, leading to excessive water loss in large amounts of urine. The thirst increases to try to balance this loss from the body. <br /><br />Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus can be either acquired or hereditary. The acquired form is brought on by certain drugs and chronic diseases and can occur at any time during life. Certain drugs, such as lithium or antiviral medications such as foscarnet (Foscavir), also can cause nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus may also be a temporary complication associated with pregnancy. <br /><br />The most common inherited nephrogenic diabetes insipidus is an X-linked trait with variable penetrance in heterozygous females that affects the arginine vasopressin (AVP) receptor 2 gene. Heterozygous females may have no symptoms or a variable degree of polyuria and polydipsia, or they may be as severely affected as males. <br /><br />The two main symptoms of nephrogenic diabetes insipidus are chronic excessive thirst (polydipsia) and excessive urine production (polyuria). Excessive urination at night (nocturia) also occurs. Infants with hereditary nephrogenic diabetes insipidus may eat poorly and fail to gain weight and grow at the expected rate (failure to thrive). They may also be irritable and experience fevers, diarrhea, and vomiting.<br /><b>Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEge1T582oTNeDKbX5eNfIYCZtB7O-S21G-q290-SpvqvthfsVM9rJ3XMyX3qHwaG5nugwWfuWSYZP6h1m9Anv36_lWPq3PXcUjK6Ga76EgmuabFW7UL-mxIxlFgVpqHFHUraa738B9Qe3bq3q7I9Nsjip2HYpXcxgc2xS4LaTmiJuvLltVy2_9Mr_tmkg/s630/1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="630" data-original-width="514" height="515" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEge1T582oTNeDKbX5eNfIYCZtB7O-S21G-q290-SpvqvthfsVM9rJ3XMyX3qHwaG5nugwWfuWSYZP6h1m9Anv36_lWPq3PXcUjK6Ga76EgmuabFW7UL-mxIxlFgVpqHFHUraa738B9Qe3bq3q7I9Nsjip2HYpXcxgc2xS4LaTmiJuvLltVy2_9Mr_tmkg/w420-h515/1.jpg" width="420" /></a></div></b>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8919965786198183536.post-80421166039346096342022-11-07T03:15:00.000-08:002022-11-07T03:15:00.153-08:00Cardiac HypertrophyCardiac hypertrophy is defined as an abnormal increase in heart muscle mass, reflects a response of myocardium to mechanical stress and various stimuli.<br /><br />Hypertrophy is derived from the Greek hyper, meaning over, and trophy, meaning abnormal enlargement of a part of organ or excessive growth. Hypertrophy is widely believed to be an adaptive response to increased workload or excessive training. By undergoing hypertrophy, ventricular wall stress remains constant at higher intraventricular pressures.<br /><br />The primary molecular cause of enlargement of the heart is hypertrophy of myocytes (i.e., enlargement of existing cells, without an increase in the number of cells).<br /><br />At a molecular level, it has been shown to be a dynamic process during the progression of long-standing hypertrophy to eventual heart failure.<br /><br />First type, eccentric hypertrophy, in which the precipitating stress is volume overload, is characterized by increased heart-wall thickness and ventricular dilation but addition of sarcomere in series. It is more commonly associated with endurance exercise training (e.g., swimming, cycling, and running) pregnancy, and volume overload.<br /><br />Second one, concentric hypertrophy, in which the imposed stress is pressure overload, is characterized by an increase in wall thickness with the deposition of new sarcomeres, but the chamber radius may not change. It is most often the result of chronic pressure overload, but is possible to a minor degree with isometric physical training such as weight training, weight and hammer throwing, wrestling and bodybuilding.<br /><b>Cardiac Hypertrophy</b><br /><br />Note: Sarcomere is the basic contractile unit of muscle fiber. Each sarcomere is composed of two main protein filaments—actin and myosinUnknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8919965786198183536.post-85128607445110935062022-09-29T19:30:00.000-07:002022-09-29T19:30:18.520-07:00Alpha-thalassemiaAlpha thalassemia is a blood disorder that is inherited. Alpha thalassemia occurs when some or all of the 4 genes that make hemoglobin (the alpha-globin genes) are missing or damaged. <br /><br />Alpha globin is a building block of hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is an iron-rich protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen to cells throughout the body. <br /><br />In people with the characteristic features of alpha thalassemia, a reduction in the amount of hemoglobin prevents enough oxygen from reaching the body's tissues. <br /><br />The alpha thalassemias can be generally categorized as: Silent Carrier, Alpha Thalassemia Trait, Hemoglobin H disease, Hemoglobin H-Constant Spring, and Alpha Thalassemia major. <br /><br />A person who is a carrier has no signs or symptoms of anemia. They do not need any special medical treatment. However, they can pass the faulty genes on to their children. People who have moderate to severe forms of alpha thalassemia have inherited faulty hemoglobin genes from both parents. <br /><br />Two types of alpha thalassemia can cause health problems. The more severe type is known as hemoglobin Bart hydrops fetalis syndrome, which is also called Hb Bart syndrome or alpha thalassemia major. The milder form is called HbH disease.<br /><b>Alpha-thalassemia<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkJdvT9hwq5qoDWZgmzYv-C7_UNY-VpXckCywPr3COCT0lghhhD-s_7IrEq9NqY1Q70-z1bco07zlYCKOMwkzLaZ4BSvvQcFT5c616j_B1ulMzZmjpBH1jD9enCexTwQ4l1hmdMKeCnRbnleqKCeWNBYnUaWlSFkV7yworxfPGWK_IdD4yHEyNmnELiQ/s758/1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="448" data-original-width="758" height="283" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkJdvT9hwq5qoDWZgmzYv-C7_UNY-VpXckCywPr3COCT0lghhhD-s_7IrEq9NqY1Q70-z1bco07zlYCKOMwkzLaZ4BSvvQcFT5c616j_B1ulMzZmjpBH1jD9enCexTwQ4l1hmdMKeCnRbnleqKCeWNBYnUaWlSFkV7yworxfPGWK_IdD4yHEyNmnELiQ/w479-h283/1.jpg" width="479" /></a></div></b>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8919965786198183536.post-17586518619189748882022-08-26T07:08:00.000-07:002022-08-26T07:09:04.482-07:00Diabetic hypoglycemia Hypoglycemia is the leading limiting factor in the glycemic management of type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Severe hypoglycemia can have potentially serious consequences for patients with diabetes, especially if it causes falls or other injuries. <br /><br />Hypoglycemia happened may due to too little food or skipping a meal; too much insulin or diabetes pills; more active than usual. <br /><br />Iatrogenic hypoglycemia in patients with diabetes can be defined as all episodes of an abnormally low plasma glucose concentration that expose the individual to potential harm. <br /><br />Symptoms of hypoglycemia including: <br />Shaky, fast heartbeat, sweeting, dizzy, anxious, hungry, blurry vision, weakness or fatigue, headache or irritable. <br /><br />Classification of hypoglycemia in diabetes: <br />* Severe hypoglycemia <br />* Documented symptomatic hypoglycemia <br />* Asymptomatic hypoglycemia <br />* Probable symptomatic hypoglycemia <br />* Pseudo-hypoglycemia <br /><br />Hypoglycemic episodes are common in type 1 diabetes, and 30% of individuals with type 1 diabetes mellitus experience 1 to 3 episodes of severe hypoglycemia annually. The prevalence of hypoglycemia is three times lower in type 2 than in type 1 diabetes mellitus. <br /><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Diabetic hypoglycemia</span> </b><br /><br /><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Notes</b><br />Iatrogenic: relating to illness caused by medical examination or treatment.<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjU6L8p6WvcmHc30MA6aP28RP6fxSVEps1WgDfB7eK_7BVX0xqDaYKyi1o1qRU6SGdhGUtGViswGyuy_D3V7cc8wUIR6AJzN1NXXu54lJnNm1VIKoUqC6Y-O6Ht92kwT0xUUeE_psQjCMmefsuPKtXAEh1ezdGKyQBQ7RjJt1TUhk3zwqBQlwFOAtngdA/s271/1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="271" data-original-width="249" height="379" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjU6L8p6WvcmHc30MA6aP28RP6fxSVEps1WgDfB7eK_7BVX0xqDaYKyi1o1qRU6SGdhGUtGViswGyuy_D3V7cc8wUIR6AJzN1NXXu54lJnNm1VIKoUqC6Y-O6Ht92kwT0xUUeE_psQjCMmefsuPKtXAEh1ezdGKyQBQ7RjJt1TUhk3zwqBQlwFOAtngdA/w348-h379/1.jpg" width="348" /></a></div></span>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8919965786198183536.post-68561978143447015952022-08-26T05:52:00.002-07:002022-08-26T05:52:25.666-07:00Cranial diabetes insipidusDiabetes insipidus is an uncommon disorder that causes an imbalance of fluids in the body. This imbalance leads the patient to produce large amounts of urine. There are 2 main types of diabetes insipidus:<br />*Cranial diabetes insipidus<br />*Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus <br /><br />Cranial diabetes insipidus is a condition in which the hypothalamus does not produce enough AVP to regulate urine production and is the most common type of diabetes insipidus. Arginine vasopressin (AVP) is a hormone synthesized from the AVP gene as a peptide prohormone in neurons in the hypothalamus. <br /><br />Cranial diabetes insipidus has a prevalence of fewer than 1 per 25 000 population—up to 25% of these patients have cranial neoplasms or post-pituitary surgery cranial diabetes insipidus. <br /><br />Cranial diabetes insipidus can be caused by damage to the hypothalamus or pituitary gland – for example, after an infection, operation, brain tumor or head injury. Both cranial and nephrogenic diabetes insipidus can be inherited or acquired. Approximately one in three cases of diabetes insipidus has no clear, definable cause. <br /><br />Hypothalamus is a small area of the brain, which is located under the thalamus. The pituitary gland is located just below the hypothalamus. The pituitary is a small gland located near the base of the brain that stores several hormones and releases them into the bloodstream as needed by the body. These hormones regulate many bodily functions. <br /><br />The hypothalamus works with the pituitary gland, which makes and sends other important hormones around the body.<br /><b>Cranial diabetes insipidus<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOWy6m_I09xg6oRKwiuL3HdY7yYKpdKRVLS-ud9JnvlMMEjuauw5nEMkBiLXK0JyCx1uUHwPlFggNl5VBd5rzdaeOWhpo6xB_ISPAUuuM2aOaHSLa7odpDF6hqwmwKwHqUzKT4PMX9erP8p9M0frpTUdmNgScdG_zzbGE91JGJHBbVa9-7O3SGPaR32w/s500/1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="379" data-original-width="500" height="316" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOWy6m_I09xg6oRKwiuL3HdY7yYKpdKRVLS-ud9JnvlMMEjuauw5nEMkBiLXK0JyCx1uUHwPlFggNl5VBd5rzdaeOWhpo6xB_ISPAUuuM2aOaHSLa7odpDF6hqwmwKwHqUzKT4PMX9erP8p9M0frpTUdmNgScdG_zzbGE91JGJHBbVa9-7O3SGPaR32w/w416-h316/1.jpg" width="416" /></a></div></b>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8919965786198183536.post-45528714868091978382022-07-27T22:10:00.001-07:002022-07-27T22:10:12.345-07:00Cholera diseaseCholera is a bacterial disease usually spread through contaminated water. It is an acute, diarrheal illness caused by infection of the intestine with the toxigenic bacterium<i> Vibrio cholerae</i> serogroup O1 or O139. <br /><br />Researchers have estimated that each year there are 1.3 to 4.0 million cases of cholera, and 21 000 to 143 000 deaths worldwide due to cholera. <br /><br />Most cases of cholera that cause symptoms cause mild or moderate diarrhea that's often hard to tell apart from diarrhea caused by other problems. It takes between 12 hours and 5 days for a person to show symptoms after ingesting contaminated food or water. Approximately 1 in 10 people who get sick with cholera will develop severe symptoms such as watery diarrhea, vomiting, and leg cramps. People with severe cholera can develop severe dehydration, which can lead to kidney failure. If left untreated, severe dehydration can lead to shock, coma, and death within hours. <br /><br />The cholera bacterium is usually found in water or in foods that have been contaminated by feces (poop) from a person infected with cholera bacteria. The disease is most common in places with poor sanitation, crowding, war, and famine. Common locations include parts of Africa, south Asia, and Latin America. <br /><br />When cholera patients are treated quickly, they usually recover without long-term consequences. Cholera patients do not typically become carriers of the cholera bacteria after they recover, but they get sick if exposed again.<br /><b>Cholera disease<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiF2PTuCak7LjKih52YtWLVZpasHs9vvHOgps2JJGCOi1Rb1B0xGcWJtW-zj-kUfZ5PCutfMJK4GjXkX2kQURXHQse8TeihFjAtCYM0F4g6ERi1GafCdo1lve52gBdMDQtjAlHOm1rTEG4ION7ZfA8rutSmvxQqnyj_kqezGJSGa7SR2kZk3eN6G_HBpg/s1224/2022-07-28%20(2).png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="817" data-original-width="1224" height="281" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiF2PTuCak7LjKih52YtWLVZpasHs9vvHOgps2JJGCOi1Rb1B0xGcWJtW-zj-kUfZ5PCutfMJK4GjXkX2kQURXHQse8TeihFjAtCYM0F4g6ERi1GafCdo1lve52gBdMDQtjAlHOm1rTEG4ION7ZfA8rutSmvxQqnyj_kqezGJSGa7SR2kZk3eN6G_HBpg/w420-h281/2022-07-28%20(2).png" width="420" /></a></div></b>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8919965786198183536.post-51965048128589187572022-06-29T01:26:00.003-07:002022-06-29T01:26:25.696-07:00Brain aneurysmA brain aneurysm is a bulge or ballooning in a blood vessel in the brain. It is a weak spot in the wall of a blood vessel inside the brain. An aneurysm often looks like a berry hanging on a stem. <br /><br />Aneurysms usually develop at branching points of arteries and are caused by constant pressure from blood flow. As blood passes through the weakened blood vessel, the blood pressure causes a small area to bulge outwards. <br /><br />High blood pressure is the leading cause of subarachnoid hemorrhage. Heavy lifting or straining can cause pressure to rise in the brain and may lead to an aneurysm rupture. Aneurysms may be associated with other types of blood vessel disorders, such as fibromuscular dysplasia, cerebral arteritis or arterial dissection, but these are very unusual. <br /><br />Brain aneurysms usually develop as people age, becoming more common after 40. It’s also possible to have a blood vessel defect at birth. <br /><br />A brain aneurysm can leak or rupture, causing bleeding into the brain (hemorrhagic stroke). Most often, a ruptured brain aneurysm occurs in the space between the brain and the thin tissues covering the brain. This type of hemorrhagic stroke is called a subarachnoid hemorrhage. A brain aneurysm may cause symptoms such as headaches or double vision. Many times, they cause no symptoms at all. <br /><br />There are different types:<br />*Saccular aneurysms<br />*Fusiform aneurysms<br /><b>Brain aneurysm<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyGVQ7-93-KzTrskgNqr349lRgJpeeKkdhifV7jH4qF6aq_m-OIF_Yzr_Z2MjxR86NPYfeLks2MWvnxoVTGMbsaPymcffuvBAuVD3UJIa4nH6uNAp11Il_e4KA3ECqOIh2RpXzbhK7KoDHBwpsdRUOBUzA2VuxpIdOAMencV_HwLokT9myEK6XoCazsg/s881/2022-06-29.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="644" data-original-width="881" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyGVQ7-93-KzTrskgNqr349lRgJpeeKkdhifV7jH4qF6aq_m-OIF_Yzr_Z2MjxR86NPYfeLks2MWvnxoVTGMbsaPymcffuvBAuVD3UJIa4nH6uNAp11Il_e4KA3ECqOIh2RpXzbhK7KoDHBwpsdRUOBUzA2VuxpIdOAMencV_HwLokT9myEK6XoCazsg/w410-h300/2022-06-29.png" width="410" /></a></div></b>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8919965786198183536.post-64259329889765259172022-06-29T00:21:00.000-07:002022-06-29T00:21:23.092-07:00Drinking tea associated with low risk of skin cancerSkin cancer is the most common malignancy in the United States, and the number of cases annually surpasses all other malignancies combined. <br /><br />Skin cancer can be classified as basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and melanoma, according to histological characteristics. The effect of tea polyphenols on Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) in melanoma cell lines has been reported. One cup of green tea contains up to 200 mg of EGCG, which has been shown to have chemopreventive/chemotherapeutic effects against several types of cancers. <br /><br />Both green and black teas contain abundant amounts of polyphenolic antioxidants and it has been shown that theaflavins in black tea and catechins in green tea are equally effective antioxidants. <br /><br />Study published in Cancer Biology & Therapy concluded that black tea is a better chemopreventive agent than green tea against skin tumorigenesis. (<span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>Cancer Biol Ther 2009; 8:1281-7</i></span>) <br /><br />Research published in European Journal of Cancer shows data from 767 non-Hispanic Whites under age 40 was evaluated to understand the effects of tea, coffee, and caffeine on the early-onset of basal cell carcinoma. Inverse relationship was found to be associated with combined regular consumption of caffeinated coffee plus hot tea with early-onset of basal cell carcinoma. There was 43% reduced risk of basal cell carcinoma in people consuming the highest category of caffeine from these sources as compared with non-consumers. (<span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>Eur. J. Cancer Prev. 2014, 23, 296–302</i></span>) <br /><br />Polyphenols are the major active compounds present in teas. The catechins are the major polyphenolic compounds in green tea, which include epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), epigallocatechin, epicatechin-3-gallate and epicatechin, gallocatechins and gallocatechin gallate. EGCG is the predominant and most studied catechin in green tea.<br /><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Drinking tea associated with low risk of skin cancer<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZsV9iOv5G_HCZJmZTMgoZ5meDbInENx-A7SMMOz-zHqU5SEfRiR-plzApIaoPs6hV_yFQ25VO_MEDgY2OYMdD9Ymya_g5_O3-CtDODJpYy42S8QVT3M9kqOrkHitUOM_bbREGT-HYOCIP1TVt-b8vy8kA98XzhEHNohItfG6oMcucP6Kn2HqpkTMZpg/s737/1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="365" data-original-width="737" height="209" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZsV9iOv5G_HCZJmZTMgoZ5meDbInENx-A7SMMOz-zHqU5SEfRiR-plzApIaoPs6hV_yFQ25VO_MEDgY2OYMdD9Ymya_g5_O3-CtDODJpYy42S8QVT3M9kqOrkHitUOM_bbREGT-HYOCIP1TVt-b8vy8kA98XzhEHNohItfG6oMcucP6Kn2HqpkTMZpg/w424-h209/1.jpg" width="424" /></a></div></span></b>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com